Abstract: The thermally conductive mechanism of polymeric materials was introduced, and the current research status of thermally conductive polymer-based composites at home and abroad was reviewed. The type of thermally conductive polymers, including intrinsic-type thermally conductive polymers and filled-type thermal conductive polymers, were also analyzed. The filling methodology includes the single filler filling, mixed filler filling and double percolation structure filling methods. Finally, the types and methods of construct the thermally conductive network of polymer materials were introduced, and their future development was prospected.