京ICP备13020181号-2
© 《China Plastics》
© 《China Plastics》
China Plastics ›› 2023, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (10): 8-14.DOI: 10.19491/j.issn.1001-9278.2023.10.002
• Materials and Properties • Previous Articles Next Articles
Received:
2023-07-23
Online:
2023-10-26
Published:
2023-10-23
CLC Number:
YU Min. Determination of 14 organophosphate ester flame retardants in polyurethane foam through GC⁃MS/MS[J]. China Plastics, 2023, 37(10): 8-14.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX
URL: https://www.plaschina.com.cn/EN/10.19491/j.issn.1001-9278.2023.10.002
化合物 | 保留时间/min | 定量的离子对/m·z-1(碰撞能量/eV) | 定性离子对/m·z-1(碰撞能量/eV) | 离子对相对丰度/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
磷酸三乙酯(TEP) | 5.98 | 155>99(15) | 99>81(20) | 99.8 |
磷酸三丙酯(TPP) | 7.84 | 99>81(20) | 141>99(5) | 32.7 |
141>81(30) | 15.9 | |||
磷酸三异丁酯(TiBP) | 8.91 | 99>81(20) | 99>63(40) | 62.6 |
155>99(10) | 15.4 | |||
磷酸三丁酯(TBP) | 10.43 | 99>81(20) | 99>63(40) | 59.7 |
155>99(10) | 19.4 | |||
TCEP | 12.29 | 249>187(5) | 249>125(5) | 91.6 |
251>125(5) | 62.4 | |||
磷酸三(2⁃氯丙基)酯(TCPP) | 12.91 | 125>99(15) | 201>125(5) | 55.5 |
125>81(30) | 88.5 | |||
磷酸二丁苯酯(DBPP) | 14.22 | 175>77(25) | 175>51(40) | 58.7 |
磷酸三(1,3⁃二氯异丙基)酯(TDCPP) | 22.12 | 99>81(20) | 99>63(40) | 64.4 |
209>99(10) | 46.6 | |||
磷酸三苯酯(TPhP) | 23.18 | 215>168(20) | 233>168(35) | 73.9 |
233>215(15) | 66.0 | |||
TBEP | 23.31 | 125>99(15) | 125>45(25) | 69.1 |
99>81(20) | 88.1 | |||
磷酸二苯异辛酯(DPOP) | 23.61 | 251>77(35) | 251>153(15) | 39.7 |
94>66(15) | 24.2 | |||
磷酸三(2⁃乙基己基)酯(TEHP) | 24.21 | 99>81(20) | 99>63(40) | 63.0 |
磷酸三邻甲苯酯(TOCP) | 25.80 | 368>165(40) | 165>115(35) | 97.1 |
277>178(35) | 80.6 | |||
TMCP | 26.38 | 367>197(20) | 368>165(40) | 92.2 |
367>91(35) | 85.8 |
化合物 | 保留时间/min | 定量的离子对/m·z-1(碰撞能量/eV) | 定性离子对/m·z-1(碰撞能量/eV) | 离子对相对丰度/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
磷酸三乙酯(TEP) | 5.98 | 155>99(15) | 99>81(20) | 99.8 |
磷酸三丙酯(TPP) | 7.84 | 99>81(20) | 141>99(5) | 32.7 |
141>81(30) | 15.9 | |||
磷酸三异丁酯(TiBP) | 8.91 | 99>81(20) | 99>63(40) | 62.6 |
155>99(10) | 15.4 | |||
磷酸三丁酯(TBP) | 10.43 | 99>81(20) | 99>63(40) | 59.7 |
155>99(10) | 19.4 | |||
TCEP | 12.29 | 249>187(5) | 249>125(5) | 91.6 |
251>125(5) | 62.4 | |||
磷酸三(2⁃氯丙基)酯(TCPP) | 12.91 | 125>99(15) | 201>125(5) | 55.5 |
125>81(30) | 88.5 | |||
磷酸二丁苯酯(DBPP) | 14.22 | 175>77(25) | 175>51(40) | 58.7 |
磷酸三(1,3⁃二氯异丙基)酯(TDCPP) | 22.12 | 99>81(20) | 99>63(40) | 64.4 |
209>99(10) | 46.6 | |||
磷酸三苯酯(TPhP) | 23.18 | 215>168(20) | 233>168(35) | 73.9 |
233>215(15) | 66.0 | |||
TBEP | 23.31 | 125>99(15) | 125>45(25) | 69.1 |
99>81(20) | 88.1 | |||
磷酸二苯异辛酯(DPOP) | 23.61 | 251>77(35) | 251>153(15) | 39.7 |
94>66(15) | 24.2 | |||
磷酸三(2⁃乙基己基)酯(TEHP) | 24.21 | 99>81(20) | 99>63(40) | 63.0 |
磷酸三邻甲苯酯(TOCP) | 25.80 | 368>165(40) | 165>115(35) | 97.1 |
277>178(35) | 80.6 | |||
TMCP | 26.38 | 367>197(20) | 368>165(40) | 92.2 |
367>91(35) | 85.8 |
化合物 | 丙酮的相对 含量/% | 正庚烷的相对 含量/% | 正己烷的相对含量/% | 乙酸乙酯的 相对含量/% | 二氯甲烷的 相对含量/% | 甲苯的相对 含量/% | 乙腈的相对 含量/% | 甲醇的相对 含量/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEP | 95 | 82 | 69 | 94 | 83 | 68 | 100 | 89 |
TPP | 100 | 98 | 81 | 99 | 87 | 81 | 100 | 91 |
TiBP | 91 | 100 | 65 | 77 | 62 | 69 | 69 | 62 |
TBP | 85 | 83 | 70 | 87 | 72 | 73 | 100 | 84 |
TCEP | 100 | 37 | 38 | 93 | 73 | 74 | 84 | 60 |
TCPP | 91 | 35 | 34 | 42 | 41 | 58 | 100 | 92 |
DBPP | 87 | 73 | 63 | 97 | 69 | 97 | 100 | 77 |
TDCPP | 96 | 40 | 45 | 100 | 64 | 52 | 50 | 36 |
TPhP | 100 | 68 | 46 | 85 | 60 | 63 | 70 | 47 |
TBEP | 95 | 54 | 50 | 86 | 42 | 100 | 75 | 55 |
DPOP | 93 | 76 | 67 | 100 | 62 | 89 | 90 | 69 |
TEHP | 100 | 58 | 53 | 77 | 47 | 88 | 68 | 61 |
TOCP | 100 | 85 | 63 | 87 | 64 | 63 | 76 | 62 |
TMCP | 100 | 85 | 61 | 91 | 66 | 63 | 79 | 56 |
≥90 %的数量 | 12 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 2 |
<60 %的数量 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
化合物 | 丙酮的相对 含量/% | 正庚烷的相对 含量/% | 正己烷的相对含量/% | 乙酸乙酯的 相对含量/% | 二氯甲烷的 相对含量/% | 甲苯的相对 含量/% | 乙腈的相对 含量/% | 甲醇的相对 含量/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEP | 95 | 82 | 69 | 94 | 83 | 68 | 100 | 89 |
TPP | 100 | 98 | 81 | 99 | 87 | 81 | 100 | 91 |
TiBP | 91 | 100 | 65 | 77 | 62 | 69 | 69 | 62 |
TBP | 85 | 83 | 70 | 87 | 72 | 73 | 100 | 84 |
TCEP | 100 | 37 | 38 | 93 | 73 | 74 | 84 | 60 |
TCPP | 91 | 35 | 34 | 42 | 41 | 58 | 100 | 92 |
DBPP | 87 | 73 | 63 | 97 | 69 | 97 | 100 | 77 |
TDCPP | 96 | 40 | 45 | 100 | 64 | 52 | 50 | 36 |
TPhP | 100 | 68 | 46 | 85 | 60 | 63 | 70 | 47 |
TBEP | 95 | 54 | 50 | 86 | 42 | 100 | 75 | 55 |
DPOP | 93 | 76 | 67 | 100 | 62 | 89 | 90 | 69 |
TEHP | 100 | 58 | 53 | 77 | 47 | 88 | 68 | 61 |
TOCP | 100 | 85 | 63 | 87 | 64 | 63 | 76 | 62 |
TMCP | 100 | 85 | 61 | 91 | 66 | 63 | 79 | 56 |
≥90 %的数量 | 12 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 2 |
<60 %的数量 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
化合物 | 10 min的 相对含量/ % | 20 min的 相对含量/ % | 30 min的 相对含量/ % | 45 min的 相对含量/ % |
---|---|---|---|---|
≥90 %的数量 | 1 | 9 | 14 | 14 |
TEP | 89 | 99 | 100 | 99 |
TPP | 89 | 96 | 100 | 100 |
TiBP | 90 | 97 | 100 | 100 |
TBP | 79 | 82 | 96 | 100 |
TCEP | 84 | 93 | 100 | 99 |
TCPP | 84 | 90 | 97 | 100 |
DBPP | 83 | 91 | 100 | 98 |
TDCPP | 72 | 80 | 96 | 100 |
TPhP | 79 | 89 | 100 | 99 |
TBEP | 76 | 85 | 100 | 100 |
DPOP | 77 | 86 | 100 | 99 |
TEHP | 83 | 90 | 100 | 97 |
TOCP | 83 | 91 | 100 | 98 |
TMCP | 85 | 90 | 100 | 100 |
化合物 | 10 min的 相对含量/ % | 20 min的 相对含量/ % | 30 min的 相对含量/ % | 45 min的 相对含量/ % |
---|---|---|---|---|
≥90 %的数量 | 1 | 9 | 14 | 14 |
TEP | 89 | 99 | 100 | 99 |
TPP | 89 | 96 | 100 | 100 |
TiBP | 90 | 97 | 100 | 100 |
TBP | 79 | 82 | 96 | 100 |
TCEP | 84 | 93 | 100 | 99 |
TCPP | 84 | 90 | 97 | 100 |
DBPP | 83 | 91 | 100 | 98 |
TDCPP | 72 | 80 | 96 | 100 |
TPhP | 79 | 89 | 100 | 99 |
TBEP | 76 | 85 | 100 | 100 |
DPOP | 77 | 86 | 100 | 99 |
TEHP | 83 | 90 | 100 | 97 |
TOCP | 83 | 91 | 100 | 98 |
TMCP | 85 | 90 | 100 | 100 |
化合物 | 线性方程 | 相关系数 | 线性范围/mg·L-1 | 检出限/mg·kg-1 | 定量限/mg·kg-1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEP | y=59.72 x-148.8 | 0.998 9 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TPP | y=37.78 x-33.90 | 0.998 1 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TiBP | y=27.14 x-44.42 | 0.997 2 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TBP | y=33.61 x-59.21 | 0.998 7 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TCEP | y=29.44 x-288.9 | 0.998 2 | 0.02~0.2 | 0.10 | 0.33 |
TCPP | y=39.85 x+65.26 | 0.995 0 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
DBPP | y=56.34 x-109.3 | 0.999 4 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TDCPP | y=65.67 x-111.8 | 0.997 5 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TPhP | y=110.5 x-485.9 | 0.998 2 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TBEP | y=11.50 x-46.86 | 0.996 0 | 0.05~0.5 | 0.25 | 0.83 |
DPOP | y=115.9 x-404.3 | 0.997 2 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TEHP | y=70.99 x-139.9 | 0.998 1 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TOCP | y=46.50 x-189.8 | 0.998 4 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TMCP | y=30.58 x-368.5 | 0.998 6 | 0.02~0.2 | 0.10 | 0.33 |
化合物 | 线性方程 | 相关系数 | 线性范围/mg·L-1 | 检出限/mg·kg-1 | 定量限/mg·kg-1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEP | y=59.72 x-148.8 | 0.998 9 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TPP | y=37.78 x-33.90 | 0.998 1 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TiBP | y=27.14 x-44.42 | 0.997 2 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TBP | y=33.61 x-59.21 | 0.998 7 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TCEP | y=29.44 x-288.9 | 0.998 2 | 0.02~0.2 | 0.10 | 0.33 |
TCPP | y=39.85 x+65.26 | 0.995 0 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
DBPP | y=56.34 x-109.3 | 0.999 4 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TDCPP | y=65.67 x-111.8 | 0.997 5 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TPhP | y=110.5 x-485.9 | 0.998 2 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TBEP | y=11.50 x-46.86 | 0.996 0 | 0.05~0.5 | 0.25 | 0.83 |
DPOP | y=115.9 x-404.3 | 0.997 2 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TEHP | y=70.99 x-139.9 | 0.998 1 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TOCP | y=46.50 x-189.8 | 0.998 4 | 0.01~0.1 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
TMCP | y=30.58 x-368.5 | 0.998 6 | 0.02~0.2 | 0.10 | 0.33 |
化合物 | 加标水平Ⅰ | 加标水平Ⅱ | 加标水平Ⅲ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
回收率/ % | RSD/ % | 回收率/ % | RSD/ % | 回收率/ % | RSD/ % | |
TEP | 108.1 | 3.5 | 107.5 | 6.2 | 104.9 | 3.5 |
TPP | 91.1 | 4.3 | 100.9 | 6.6 | 103.3 | 2.5 |
TiBP | 95.4 | 10.6 | 103.7 | 9.4 | 100.4 | 6.0 |
TBP | 99.0 | 9.1 | 99.9 | 8.2 | 97.6 | 6.8 |
TCEP | 102.4 | 6.3 | 101.9 | 10.4 | 100.2 | 7.8 |
TCPP | 107.5 | 3.9 | 104.5 | 7.3 | 103.5 | 7.1 |
DBPP | 87.0 | 4.9 | 95.2 | 9.6 | 98.0 | 8.5 |
TDCPP | 92.1 | 6.3 | 91.0 | 7.2 | 94.5 | 6.2 |
TPhP | 93.6 | 5.4 | 94.5 | 8.0 | 97.8 | 3.1 |
TBEP | 101.6 | 7.8 | 99.9 | 5.9 | 97.6 | 6.7 |
DPOP | 90.2 | 9.2 | 94.7 | 4.9 | 106.6 | 4.6 |
TEHP | 96.6 | 7.0 | 98.4 | 10.2 | 94.5 | 4.2 |
TOCP | 93.1 | 4.1 | 96.3 | 7.4 | 104.0 | 3.7 |
TMCP | 94.3 | 5.2 | 96.0 | 6.2 | 94.8 | 9.2 |
化合物 | 加标水平Ⅰ | 加标水平Ⅱ | 加标水平Ⅲ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
回收率/ % | RSD/ % | 回收率/ % | RSD/ % | 回收率/ % | RSD/ % | |
TEP | 108.1 | 3.5 | 107.5 | 6.2 | 104.9 | 3.5 |
TPP | 91.1 | 4.3 | 100.9 | 6.6 | 103.3 | 2.5 |
TiBP | 95.4 | 10.6 | 103.7 | 9.4 | 100.4 | 6.0 |
TBP | 99.0 | 9.1 | 99.9 | 8.2 | 97.6 | 6.8 |
TCEP | 102.4 | 6.3 | 101.9 | 10.4 | 100.2 | 7.8 |
TCPP | 107.5 | 3.9 | 104.5 | 7.3 | 103.5 | 7.1 |
DBPP | 87.0 | 4.9 | 95.2 | 9.6 | 98.0 | 8.5 |
TDCPP | 92.1 | 6.3 | 91.0 | 7.2 | 94.5 | 6.2 |
TPhP | 93.6 | 5.4 | 94.5 | 8.0 | 97.8 | 3.1 |
TBEP | 101.6 | 7.8 | 99.9 | 5.9 | 97.6 | 6.7 |
DPOP | 90.2 | 9.2 | 94.7 | 4.9 | 106.6 | 4.6 |
TEHP | 96.6 | 7.0 | 98.4 | 10.2 | 94.5 | 4.2 |
TOCP | 93.1 | 4.1 | 96.3 | 7.4 | 104.0 | 3.7 |
TMCP | 94.3 | 5.2 | 96.0 | 6.2 | 94.8 | 9.2 |
1 | König A, Kroke E.Methyl‐DOPO—a new flame retardant for flexible polyurethane foam[J]. Polymers for Advanced Technologies,2011,22(1):5⁃13. |
2 | 冯文静,李守平,陈雅君,等.软质聚氨酯泡沫阻燃技术的研究进展[J].中国塑料,2020,34(3):93⁃102. |
FENG W J, LI S P, CHEN Y J,et al.Research progress in flame retardant technology for flexible polyurethane foam[J]. China Plastics,2020,34(3):93⁃102. | |
3 | 郑德志,辛梅华,李明春.软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料无卤阻燃技术研究进展[J].化工进展,2015,34(9):3 349⁃3 355,3 362. |
ZHENG D Z, XIN M H, LI M C.Research progress of halogen⁃free flame retardant flexible polyurethane foams[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2015,34(9):3 349⁃3 355,3 362. | |
4 | Han L, Guanyong S, Ming Z,et al.Effects of tris(1,3⁃dichloro-2⁃propyl) phosphate on growth, reproduction, and gene transcription of daphnia magna at environmentally relevant concentrations.[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2015,49(21): 12 975⁃12 983. |
5 | Wenxin H, Fumei G, Hong Z,et al.Activation of peroxisome proliferator⁃activated receptor gamma and disruption of progesterone synthesis of 2⁃ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate in human placental choriocarcinoma cells: comparison with triphenyl phosphate[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2017,51(7): 4 061⁃4 068. |
6 | 徐怀洲,王智志,张圣虎,等.有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂毒性效应研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2018,13(3):19⁃30. |
XU H Z, WANG Z Z, ZHANG S H,et al.Research pro⁃gress on toxicity effects of organophosphate flame retardants[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2018,13(3):19⁃30. | |
7 | 王靖宇,郝建薇.无卤阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的研究进展[J].中国塑料,2020,34(5):107⁃114. |
WANG J Y, HAO J W.Research progress in halogen⁃free flame⁃retardant RPUF[J]. China Plastics,2020,34(5):107⁃114. | |
8 | 中华人民共和国外交部.关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约[EB/OL].(2023⁃08⁃03)[2023⁃09⁃29].. |
9 | 王成云,谢堂堂,肖来龙,等.微波辅助萃取⁃气相色谱法同时测定纺织品中6种禁用有机磷阻燃剂[J].分析试验室,2011,30(12):38⁃41. |
WANG C Y, XIE T T, XIAO L L,et al.Simultaneous determination of six banned organophosphorous flame retardants in textiles by gas chromatography combined with microwave⁃assisted extraction[J]. Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory,2011,30(12):38⁃41. | |
10 | 温裕云,陈志华,欧 延,等.纺织品中9种有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂的超高效液相色谱⁃串联质谱快速测定方法[J].分析化学,2015,43(9):1 342⁃1 348. |
WEN Y Y, CHEN Z H,OU Y,et al.Rapid determination of 9 organophosphorous flame retardants in textiles by ultra high performance liquid chromatography[J]. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2015,43(9):1 342⁃1 348. | |
11 | 马 麟,陈 萌,白 桦,等.超分子溶剂萃取⁃超高效液相色谱⁃四极杆/静电场轨道阱质谱法测定纺织品中15种有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂[J].质谱学报,2020,41(6):556⁃568. |
MA L, CHEN M, BAI H,et al.Determination of 15 organophosphate ester flame retardants in textiles by supramolecular solvents⁃based extraction and ultra⁃performance liquid chromatography⁃quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Chinese Mass Spectrometry Society,2020,41(6):556⁃568. | |
12 | 曾 铭,喻零春,尹君玲.超声波提取⁃气相色谱法测定食品包装材料中的有机磷酸酯[J].包装与食品机械,2014,32(4):70⁃72. |
ZENG M, YU L C, YIN J L.Determination of organophosphorus triesters in food packing materials by gas chromatography with supersonic extraction[J]. Packaging and Food Machinery,2014,32(4):70⁃72. | |
13 | 曾 铭,蒋小良,苏小东,等.微波辅助萃取⁃气相色谱⁃质谱法测定玩具中3种有机磷阻燃剂[J].理化检验(化学分册),2013,49(10):1 254⁃1 256. |
14 | 望秀丽,于文佳,卫碧文,等.加速溶剂萃取⁃气相色谱⁃质谱法测定塑料中7种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂和增塑剂[J].分析试验室,2017,36(1):109⁃113. |
WANG X L, YU W J, WEI B W,et al.Determination of 7 organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in plastic products by accelerated solvent extraction⁃gas chromatography⁃mass spectrometry[J]. Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory,2017,36(1):109⁃113. | |
15 | 周小丽,郭 珩,李 芹,等.气相色谱⁃质谱法测定塑料中7种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的含量[J].理化检验(化学分册),2018,54(1):64⁃68. |
ZHOU X L, GUO H, LI Q,et al.GC⁃MS Determination of 7 organophosphate ester flame retardants in plastic[J]. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis(Part B:Chemical Analysis),2018,54(1):64⁃68. | |
16 | 潘 城,黄永辉,吴 凌,等.同位素内标⁃气相色谱⁃质谱联用法测定食品接触材料中的有机磷酸酯[J].分析科学学报,2022,38(6):741⁃745. |
PAN C, HUANG Y H, WU L,et al.Determination of organophosphates in food contact materials using isotope internal standard method by gas chromatography⁃mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Analytical Science,2022,38(6):741⁃745. | |
17 | 杨 晨,宋善军,张玮庭,等.气相色谱/电感耦合等离子体质谱联用法测定儿童塑料玩具中多溴联苯醚及有机磷酸酯阻燃剂[J].环境化学,2020,39(10):2 686⁃2 692. |
YANG C, SONG S J, ZHANG W T,et al.Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organophosphate esters in children’s plastic toys using gas chromatography⁃inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2020,39(10):2 686⁃2 692. | |
18 | 陶 琳,田 野,刘 胜,等.气相色谱⁃质谱法测定聚氨酯泡沫中3种阻燃剂[J].理化检验(化学分册), 2015,51(11):1 520⁃1 523. |
TAO L, TIAN Y, LIU S,et al.GC⁃MS determination of 3 flame retardants in polyurethane foams[J]. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis(Part B:Chemical Analysis), 2015,51(11):1 520⁃1 523. |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||