Research progress in flame⁃retardancy of poly（lactic acid） with nanomaterials

doi:10.19491/j.issn.1001-9278.2022.04.016

Abstract

Abstract:

This paper reviewed the research progress in the flame retardancy of poly（lactic acid） with nanomaterials in recent five years. These nanomaterials include metal organic framework material （MOF）， graphene， nano montmorillonite， bio?based nano flame retardants， carbon nanotubes， and so more. The preparation methods， properties， and mechanism of the nano flame retardants were summarized， and their future development trend was prospected.

Key words: polylactic acid, nano material, metal organic framework material, carbon nanotube, graphene, bio?based nano flame retardant

CLC Number:

TQ321

LI Mengqi, CHEN Yajun. Research progress in flame⁃retardancy of poly（lactic acid） with nanomaterials[J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(4): 102-114.

Figures/Tables 15

References 73

1	CHOW W S， TEOH E L， KARGER⁃KOCSIS J. Flame retarded poly（lactic acid）： a review［J］. Express Polymer Letters， 2018， 12（5）：396⁃417.
2	YU S L， XIANG H X， ZHOU J L， et al. Preparation and characterization of fire resistant PLA fibers with phosphorus flame retardant［J］. Fibers & Polymers， 2017， 18（6）：1 098⁃1 105.
3	BENJAMIN T， YU B， FEI B. Advances in flame retardant poly（lactic acid）［J］. Polymers， 2018， 10（8）：876.
4	YU S L， XIANG H X， ZHOU J L， et al. Enhanced flame⁃retardant performance of poly（lactic acid）（pla） composite by using intrinsically phosphorus⁃containing PLA［J］. Progress in Natural Science：Materials International， 2018， 28（5）：60⁃67.
5	DECSOV K， TAKACS V， MAROSI G， et al. Microfibrous cyclodextrin boosts flame retardancy of poly（lactic acid）［J］. Polymer Degradation and Stability， 2021， 191：109655.
6	GONG W G， FAN M， LUO J， et al. Effect of nickel phytate on flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant polylactic acid［J］. Polymers for Advanced Technologies， 2021， 32（4）：1 548⁃1 559.
7	URTEKIN G， HAZER S， AYTAC A. Effect of eggshell and intumescent flame retardant on the thermal and mechanical properties of plasticised PLA［J］. Plastics Rubber and Composites， 2020， 50（3）：1⁃10.
8	WOO Y， CHO D. Effects of ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retarding， tensile， dynamic mechanical， and thermal properties of kenaf fiber/poly（lactic acid） biocomposites fabricated by compression molding［J］. Fibers and Polymers，2021， 22（5）：1 388⁃1 396.
9	JIA Y W， ZHAO X， FU T， et al. Synergy effect between quaternary phosphonium ionic liquid and ammonium polyphosphate toward flame retardant PLA with improved toughness［J］. Composites Part B Engineering， 2020， 197：108192.
10	XUE Y， ZUO X H， WANG L K， et al. Enhanced flame retardancy of poly（lactic acid） with ultra⁃low loading of ammonium polyphosphate［J］. Composites Part B Engineering， 2020， 196：108124.
11	WANG S S， ZHANG L， SEMPLE K， et al. Development of biodegradable flame⁃retardant bamboo charcoal composites， part I： thermal and elemental analyses［J］. Polymers， 2020， 12（10）：2217.
12	WANG S S， ZHANG L， SEMPLE K， et al. Development of biodegradable flame⁃retardant bamboo charcoal composites， part II： thermal degradation， gas phase， and elemental analyses［J］. Polymers， 2020， 12（10）：2238.
13	GU L Q， QIU J H， QIU C， et al. Mechanical properties and degrading behaviors of aluminum hypophosphite⁃poly（lactic acid）（PLA） nanocomposites［J］. Polymer Plastics Technology & Engineering， 2019， 58（2）：126⁃138.
14	LIU G S， GAO S. Synergistic effect between aluminum hypophosphite and a new intumescent flame retardant system in poly（lactic acid）［J］. Journal of Applied Polymer Science， 2018， 135（23）：46359.
15	LI S， DENG L， XU C， et al. Making a supertough flame⁃retardant polylactide composite through reactive blending with ethylene⁃acrylic ester⁃glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer and addition of aluminum hypophosphite［J］. ACS Omega， 2017， 2（5）：1 886⁃1 895.
16	HU X， SUN J H， LI X， et al. Effect of phosphorus–nitrogen compound on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polylactic acid［J］. Journal of Applied Polymer Science， 2021， 138.
17	LIU L B， XU Y， DI Y F， et al. Simultaneously enhancing the fire retardancy and crystallization rate of biodegradable polylactic acid with piperazine⁃1，4⁃diylbis（diphenylphosphine oxide）［J］. Composites Part B Engineering， 2020， 202（5）：108407.
18	LIU L B， XU Y， PAN Y， et al. Facile synthesis of an efficient phosphonamide flame retardant for simultaneous enhancement of fire safety and crystallization rate of poly（lactic acid）［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2020， 421（9）：127761.
19	WANG D， WANG Y， ZHANG X H， et al. Preferred zinc⁃modified melamine phytate for the flame retardant polylactide with limited smoke release［J］. New Journal of Chemistry， 2020， 45（30）： 13 329⁃13 339.
20	WANG X G， WANG W J， WANG S H， et al. Self⁃intumescent polyelectrolyte for flame retardant poly（lactic acid） nonwovens［J］. Journal of Cleaner Production， 2020， 282：124497.
21	XIA L， PANG F Q， WEI F F， et al. The effect of tris⁃phosphaphenanthrene based phosphonate on the flame retardance， thermal decomposition， and crystallization of bio⁃based poly（lactic acid）［J］. Journal of Applied Polymer Science， 2021，139（5）： e51592.
22	XUE Y J， MA Z W， XU X D， et al. Mechanically robust and flame⁃retardant polylactide composites based on molecularly⁃engineered polyphosphoramides［J］. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing， 2021， 144（5）：106317.
23	ZHOU Y Y， TAWIAH B， NOOR N， et al. A Facile and sustainable approach for simultaneously flame retarded， UV protective and reinforced poly（lactic acid） composites using fully bio⁃based complexing couples［J］. Composites Part B Engineering， 2021（22）：108833.
24	CHEN Y J， WANG W， LIU Z Q， et al. Synthesis of a novel flame retardant containing phosphazene and triazine groups and its enhanced charring effect in poly（lactic acid） resin［J］. Journal of Applied Polymer Science， 2017， 134（13）：44660
25	CHEN Y J， WANG W， QIU Y， et al. Terminal group effects of phosphazene⁃triazine bi⁃group flame retardant additives in flame retardant polylactic acid composites［J］. Polymer Degradation and Stability， 2017， 140：166⁃175.
26	XU L F， WU X D， LI L S， et al. Synthesis of a novel polyphosphazene/triazine Bi group flame retardant in situ doping nano zinc oxide and its application in poly（lactic acid） resin［J］. Polymers for Advanced Technologies， 2019， 30（6）： 1 375⁃1 385.
27	CHEN Y J， XU L F， WU X D， et al. The influence of nano ZnO coated by phosphazene/triazine bi⁃group molecular on the flame retardant property and mechanical property of intumescent flame retardant poly（lactic acid） composites［J］. Thermochimica Acta， 2019， 679：178336.
28	ZHU S E， WANG F D， LIU J J， et al. BODIPY coated on MXene nanosheets for improving mechanical and fire safety properties of ABS resin［J］. Composites Part B： Engineering， 2021， 223：109130.
29	LUO Y， XIE Y H， GENG W， et al. Fabrication of thermoplastic polyurethane with functionalized MXene towards high mechanical strength， flame⁃retardant， and smoke suppression properties［J］. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science， 2022， 606（1）： 223⁃235.
30	YU B， YUEN A C， XU X D， et al. Engineering MXene surface with POSS for reducing fire hazards of polystyrene with enhanced thermal stability［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials， 2020， 401：123342.
31	JIN X X， WANG J F， DAI L Z， et al. Flame⁃retardant poly（vinyl alcohol）/MXene multilayered films with outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal conductive performances［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2020， 380：122475.
32	NING H Z， MA Z Y， ZHANG Z H， et al. A novel multifunctional flame retardant MXene/nanosilica hybrid for poly（vinyl alcohol） with simultaneously improved mechanical properties［J］. New Journal of Chemistry， 2021， 45（9）： 4 292⁃4 302.
33	ZHOU Y Y， LIN Y C， TAWIAH B， et al. DOPO⁃decorated two⁃dimensional MXene nanosheets for flame⁃retardant， ultraviolet⁃protective， and reinforced polylactide composites［J］. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces， 2021，13（18）： 21 876⁃21 887.
34	HUANG H W， DONG D X， Li W J， et al. Synergistic effect of MXene on the flame retardancy and thermal degradation of intumescent flame retardant biodegradable poly（lactic acid） composites［J］. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering， 2020， 28（7）： 1 981⁃1 993.
35	XUE Y J， FENG J B， HUO S Q， et al. Polyphosphoramide⁃intercalated MXene for simultaneously enhancing thermal stability， flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polylactide［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2020， 397：125336.
36	MAURIN G， SERRE C， COOPER A， et al. The new age of MOFs and of their porous⁃related solids［J］. Chemical Society Reviews， 2017， 46（11）：3 104⁃3 107.
37	YU J M， XIE L H， LI J R， et al. CO₂ capture and separations using MOFs： computational and experimental studies［J］. Chemical Reviews， 2017， 117（14）：9 674⁃9 754.
38	HUANG R， GUO X Y， MA S Y， et al. Novel phosphorus⁃nitrogen⁃containing ionic liquid modified metal⁃organic framework as an effective flame retardant for epoxy resin［J］. Polymers， 2020， 12（1）：108.
39	ZHANG F， LI X T， YANG L Q， et al. A Mo⁃based metal， rganic framework toward improving flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy resin［J］. Polymers for Advanced Technologies， 2021， 32（8）： 3 266⁃3 277.
40	NABIPOUR H， WANG X， SONG L， et al. Organic⁃inorganic hybridization of isoreticular metal⁃organic framework⁃3 with melamine for efficiently reducing the fire risk of epoxy resin［J］. Composites Part B： Engineering， 2021， 211：108606.
41	XU Z M， XING W Y， HOU Y B， et al. The combustion and pyrolysis process of flame⁃retardant polystyrene/cobalt⁃based metal organic frameworks（MOF） nanocomposite［J］. Combustion and Flame， 2021， 226：108⁃116.
42	LEE Y R， JANG M S， CHO H Y， et al. ZIF⁃8： a comparison of synthesis methods［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2015， 271：276⁃280.
43	HOU Y B， HU W Z， GUI Z， et al. Preparation of metal⁃organic frameworks and their application as flame retardants for polystyrene［J］. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research， 2017， 56（8）： 2 036⁃2 045.
44	WANG R Z， CHEN Y， LIU Y Y， et al. Metal， rganic frameworks derived ZnO@MOF@PZS flame retardant for reducing fire hazards of polyurea nanocomposites［J］. Polymers for Advanced Technologies， 2021，32（12）： 4 700⁃4 709.
45	SHI X W， DAI X， CAO Y， et al. Degradable poly（lactic acid）/metal–organic framework nanocomposites exhibiting good mechanical， flame retardant， and dielectric properties for the fabrication of disposable electronics［J］. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research， 2017， 56（14）：3 887⁃3 894.
46	岑鑫浩，张咪，马琴，等. MOFs@GO和壳聚糖复合阻燃聚乳酸材料［J］. 塑料， 2019， 48（2）：32⁃35.
	CEN X H， ZHANG M， MA Q， et al. The flame⁃retardant polyactic acid composite with MOFs@GO and chitosan［J］. Plastics， 2019，48（2）：32⁃35.
47	王明，张咪，杨书泉，等. ZIF⁃8@GO与壳聚糖盐协效阻燃PLA的研究［J］. 现代塑料加工应用， 2019， 31（5）：5⁃8.
	WANG M， ZHANG M， YANG S Q， et al. Research on synergistic flame retardant of ZIF⁃8@GO and chitosan salt in polylactic acid［J］. Modern Plastics Processing and Applications， 2019， 31（5）：5⁃8.
48	ZHANG M， DING X Q， ZHAN Y X， et al. Improving the flame retardancy of poly（lactic acid） using an efficient ternary hybrid flame retardant by dual modification of graphene oxide with phenylphosphinic acid and nano MOFs［J］. Journal of Hazardous Materials， 2020， 384：121260.
49	HOU Y B， LIU L X， QIU S L， et al. DOPO⁃modified two⁃dimensional co⁃based metal⁃organic framework： preparation and application for enhancing fire safety of poly（lactic acid）［J］. Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces， 2018， 10（9）：8 274⁃8 286.
50	WANG X G， WANG S H， WANG W J， et al. The flammability and mechanical properties of poly （lactic acid） composites containing Ni⁃MOF nanosheets with polyhydroxy groups［J］. Composites Part B Engineering， 2020， 183：107568.
51	彭晓华，何娟，肖乃玉，等. 氧化石墨烯的制备及其在PET薄膜改性上的应用［J］. 塑料包装， 2018，28（3）：42⁃47.
	PENG X H， HE J， XIAO N Y， et al. Preparation of graphene oxide and its application in modification of PET thin films［J］. Plastics Packaging， 2018，28（3）：42⁃47.
52	JING J， ZHANG Y， FANG Z P， et al. Core⁃shell flame retardant/graphene oxide hybrid： a self⁃assembly strategy towards reducing fire hazard and improving toughness of polylactic acid［J］. Composites Science & Technology， 2018， 165：161⁃167.
53	JING J， ZHANG Y， TANG X L， et al. Combination of a bio⁃based polyphosphonate and modified graphene oxide toward superior flame retardant polylactic acid［J］. RSC Advances， 2018， 8（8）： 4 304⁃4 313.
54	SHI X X， PENG X F， ZHU J Y， et al. Synthesis of DOPO⁃HQ⁃functionalized graphene oxide as a novel and efficient flame retardant and its application on polylactic acid： thermal property， flame retardancy， and mechanical performance［J］. Journal of Colloid & Interface Science， 2018， 524：267⁃278.
55	RAN S R， FANG F， GUO Z H， et al. Synthesis of decorated graphene with P， N⁃containing compounds and its flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects on polylactic acid［J］. Composites Part B： Engineering， 2019， 170： 41⁃50.
56	TAWIAH B， YU B， YUEN R K K， et al. Highly efficient flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of boron modified graphene oxide/poly（lactic acid） nanocomposites［J］. Carbon， 2019， 150：8⁃20.
57	YE L， REN J， CAI S Y， et al. Poly（lactic acid） nanocomposites with improved flame retardancy and impact strength by combining of phosphinates and organoclay［J］. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science， 2016， 34（6）：785⁃796.
58	LONG L J， YIN J B， HE W T， et al. Synergistic effect of different nanoparticles on flame rretardant poly（lactic acid） with bridged DOPO derivative［J］. Polymer Composites， 2019， 40（3）：1 043⁃1 052.
59	JIA L， ZHANG W C， TONG B， et al. Crystallization， flame⁃retardant， and mechanical behaviors of poly（lactic acid）\9，10⁃dihydro⁃9⁃oxa⁃10⁃phosphaphenanthrene⁃10⁃oxide⁃calcium montmorillonite nanocomposite［J］. Journal of Applied Polymer Science， 2019， 136（3）：46982.
60	何京秀，陈雅君.生物基阻燃剂阻燃聚乳酸的研究进展［J］.中国塑料，2021，35（2）：119⁃131.
	HE J X， CHEN Y J. Research progress in flame⁃retardant PLA containing bio⁃based flame retardants［J］. China Plastics， 2021， 35（2）：119⁃131.
61	CHOLLET B， LOPEZ⁃CUESTA J M， LAOUTID F， et al. Lignin nanoparticles as a promising way for enhancing lignin flame retardant effect in polylactide［J］. Materials， 2019， 12（13）：2132.
62	YIN W D， CHEN L， LU F Z， et al. Mechanically robust， flame⁃retardant poly（lactic acid） biocomposites via combining cellulose nanofibers and ammonium polyphosphate［J］. Acs Omega， 2018， 3（5）：5 615⁃5 626.
63	VAHABI H， SHABANIAN M， ARYANASAB F， et al. Three in one： β‐cyclodextrin， nanohydroxyapatite， and a nitrogen‐rich polymer integrated into a new flame retardant for poly（lactic acid）［J］. Fire & Materials， 2018， 42（6）：593⁃602.
64	HENRI V， MEISAM S， ARYANASAB F， et al. Inclusion of modified lignocellulose and nano⁃hydroxyapatite in development of new bio⁃based adjuvant flame retardant for poly（lactic acid）［J］. Thermochimica Acta， 2018， 666：51⁃59.
65	FENG J B， SUN Y Q， SONG P G， et al. Fire⁃resistant， strong， and green polymer nanocomposites based on poly（lactic acid） and core⁃shell nanofibrous flame retardants［J］. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering， 2017， 5（9）：7 894⁃7 904.
66	YANG W X， ZHANG H J， HU X P， et al. Self⁃assembled bio⁃derived microporous nanosheet from phytic acid as efficient intumescent flame retardant for polylactide［J］. Polymer Degradation and Stability， 2021， 191：109664.
67	GAO D D， WEN X， GUAN Y Y， et al. Flame retardant effect and mechanism of nnanosized NiO as synergist in PLA/APP/CSi⁃MCA composites［J］. Composites Communications， 2020， 17：170⁃176.
68	GUAN Y Y， WEN X， YANG H F， et al. "One⁃pot" synthesis of crosslinked silicone⁃containing macromolecular charring agent and its synergistic flame retardant poly（L⁃lactic acid） with ammonium polyphosphate［J］. Polymers for Advanced Technologies， 2017， 28（11）：1 409⁃1 417.
69	GAO R， WANG S G， ZHOU K Q， et al. Mussel⁃inspired decoration of Ni（OH）₂ nanosheets on 2D MoS₂ towards enhancing thermal and flame retardancy properties of poly（lactic acid）［J］. Polymers for Advanced Technologies， 2019， 30（4）：879⁃888.
70	CAO X W， CHI X N， DENG X Q， et al. Facile synthesis of phosphorus and cobalt co⁃doped graphitic carbon nitride for fire and smoke suppressions of polylactide composite［J］. Polymers， 2020， 12（5）：1106.
71	ZHANG B， JIANG Y J. Improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of poly（lactic acid） with a SiO₂@ammonium molybdate core⁃shell nanotubes［J］. Polymer⁃Plastics Technology and Materials， 2019， 58（8）：843⁃853.
72	ZHAO X， CHEN L， Li D F， et al. Biomimetic construction peanut⁃leaf structure on ammonium polyphosphate surface： improving its compatibility with poly（lactic acid） and flame⁃retardant efficiency simultaneously［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2021， 412：128737.
73	GU L Q， QIU J H， YAO Y W， et al. Functionalized MWCNTs modified flame retardant PLA nanocomposites and cold rolling process for improving mechanical properties［J］. Composites Science and Technology， 2018， 161：39⁃49.

样品	TTI/s	PHRR/kW·m^-2	THR/MJ·m^-2	LOI/%	UL 94	参考文献
PLA	-	418±15	48.9±3.1	19.6±0.2	NR	［33］
PLA/3%Ti₃C₂⁃DOPO	-	277±12	25.9±1.1	26.3±0.3	V⁃0	［33］
PLA	37	752	171.1	21.5	NR	［34］
PLA/11.5%IFR/0.5MXene	39	263	144.5	30.0	V⁃0	［34］
PLA	64±3	428±23	64.7±1.2	20.5±0.2	NR	［35］
PLA/1.0%MXene⁃PPDA	59±2	333±11	60.7±0.3	22.8±0.2	V⁃0	［35］

样品	TTI/s	PHRR/kW·m^-2	THR/MJ·m^-2	LOI/%	UL 94	参考文献
PLA	-	418±15	48.9±3.1	19.6±0.2	NR	［33］
PLA/3%Ti₃C₂⁃DOPO	-	277±12	25.9±1.1	26.3±0.3	V⁃0	［33］
PLA	37	752	171.1	21.5	NR	［34］
PLA/11.5%IFR/0.5MXene	39	263	144.5	30.0	V⁃0	［34］
PLA	64±3	428±23	64.7±1.2	20.5±0.2	NR	［35］
PLA/1.0%MXene⁃PPDA	59±2	333±11	60.7±0.3	22.8±0.2	V⁃0	［35］

样品	TTI/s	PHRR/kW·m^-2	THR/MJ·m^-2	LOI/%	UL 94	参考文献
PLA	-	-	-	20.5	NR	［44］
PLA/1 %ZIF⁃8	-	-	-	22.5	V⁃2	［44］
PLA	-	-	-	20.5	-	［46］
PLA/6.2 %壳聚糖/0.8 % ZIF⁃8	-	-	-	25.2	V⁃2	［46］
PLA	-	-	-	21.0	NR	［47］
PLA/4.2% CHP/0.8 % ZIF⁃8	-	-	-	26.0	V⁃2	［47］
PLA	67±3	435.8±8	45.0	20.5	NR	［48］
PLA/2 % GPZ	62±1	258.0±7	29.9	27.0	V⁃2	［48］
PLA	-	-	-	21.0	-	［49］
PLA/2 %DOPO@Co⁃MOF	-	-	-	23.5	-	［49］
PLA	67±3	450.8±15	81.7±0.7	19.0±0.1	NR	［50］
PLA/3.3 %APP/1.7 %Ni⁃MOF	97±2	329.6±37	65.9±1.6	31.0±0.4	V⁃0	［50］

样品	TTI/s	PHRR/kW·m^-2	THR/MJ·m^-2	LOI/%	UL 94	参考文献
PLA	-	-	-	20.5	NR	［44］
PLA/1 %ZIF⁃8	-	-	-	22.5	V⁃2	［44］
PLA	-	-	-	20.5	-	［46］
PLA/6.2 %壳聚糖/0.8 % ZIF⁃8	-	-	-	25.2	V⁃2	［46］
PLA	-	-	-	21.0	NR	［47］
PLA/4.2% CHP/0.8 % ZIF⁃8	-	-	-	26.0	V⁃2	［47］
PLA	67±3	435.8±8	45.0	20.5	NR	［48］
PLA/2 % GPZ	62±1	258.0±7	29.9	27.0	V⁃2	［48］
PLA	-	-	-	21.0	-	［49］
PLA/2 %DOPO@Co⁃MOF	-	-	-	23.5	-	［49］
PLA	67±3	450.8±15	81.7±0.7	19.0±0.1	NR	［50］
PLA/3.3 %APP/1.7 %Ni⁃MOF	97±2	329.6±37	65.9±1.6	31.0±0.4	V⁃0	［50］

样品	TTI/s	PHRR/kW·m^-2	THR/MJ·m^-2	LOI/%	UL 94	参考文献
PLA	64±1	393±5	67.1±0.5	-	NR	［52］
PLA/15%GOH	64±2	210±8	50.5±0.7	-	V⁃0	［52］
PLA	64±1	393±5	67.1±0.5	20	NR	［53］
PLA/2.4%BPPT/0.6%M⁃GO	59±1	384±6	63.6±1.7	36.0	V⁃0	［53］
PLA	62	422.0	49.2	20.0	NR	［54］
PLA/6%FGO⁃HQ	58	321.2	28.1	26.5	V⁃0	［54］
PLA	-	337	23.1	-	-	［55］
PLA/2%PNFR@RGO	-	321	18.7	-	-	［55］
PLA	29±2	425±13	52±5	19.7	NR	［56］
PLA/2%（RGO⁃AZOB/SMB）	43±2	100±6	12±5	31.4	V⁃0	［56］