Research progress in application of graphitic carbon nitride flame retardant

doi:10.19491/j.issn.1001-9278.2024.11.017

Abstract

Abstract:

Graphitic carbon nitride （g⁃C₃N₄） is a carbon⁃nitrogen compound that can be used to improve the flame⁃retardant properties of polymer materials. In this paper， the research progress in the flame⁃retardant polymer systems based on g⁃C₃N₄， including flame⁃retardant systems with and without metal elements， was reviewed， and their flame⁃retardant mechanism and the role of g⁃C₃N₄ in the flame⁃retardant system were analyzed.

Key words: graphite phase carbon nitride, fire, flame retardant, polymer material

CLC Number:

TQ320.2

DU Jiaying, XIN Fei, HU Jiayue, FENG Kaixuan. Research progress in application of graphitic carbon nitride flame retardant[J]. China Plastics, 2024, 38(11): 97-103.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1. （a）possible substituted sites of non⁃metal doping in the single layer of g⁃C3N4 and （b） nonmetallic heteroatom in the metal ion ［12］

Fig.2. Formation mechanism of the g⁃C3N4/PAZn［17］

Fig.3. Preparation of P⁃g⁃C3N @PGS⁃Ti［18］

Fig4. Flame retardant mechanism of g⁃C3N4/NiNH4PO4·H2O［19］

Fig.5. SEM images of the char residue［20］

Fig. 6. Synthetic route of MCN［21］

Fig.7. Schematic diagram of flame retardant mechanism of the PLA composites［13］

Fig.8. Flame retardant mechanism of the CP@PA in EP⁃8A4CP@PA［30］

References 33

1	Yang Y， Wang R， Leng Y， et al. An integrated multi⁃functional thermal conductive and flame retardant epoxy composite with functionalized carbon nitride nanosheets［J］. Polymers， 2023， 15（14）：15143143.
2	Chen Z， Zhang W， Yu Y， et al. Multi⁃walled carbon nanotubes encapsulated by graphitic carbon nitride with simultaneously co⁃doping of B and P and ammonium polyphosphate to improve flame retardancy of unsaturated polyester resins［J］. Materials Chemistry and Physics， 2022， 277：125594.
3	Wang J， Cao Y， Wang Z， et al. Designing hierarchical ternary structure based on NiAl LDH anchored phosphorus⁃doped g⁃C₃N₄ dotted with Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles towards improving the fire safety of thermoplastic polyurethane［J］. Applied Surface Science， 2022， 577：151648.
4	Lazar S T， Kolibaba T J， Grunlan J C. Flame⁃retardant surface treatments［J］. Nature Reviews Materials， 2020， 5（4）： 259⁃275.
5	Liu B W， Zhao H B， Wang Y Z. Advanced flame⁃retardant methods for polymeric materials［J］. Advanced Materials， 2022， 34（46）：202107905.
6	Pattanayak D S， Pal D， Mishra J， et al. Noble metal⁃free doped graphitic carbon nitride （g⁃C₃N₄） for efficient photodegradation of antibiotics： progress， limitations， and future directions［J］. Environmental Science and Pollution Research， 2023， 30（10）： 25 546⁃25 558.
7	Praus P. A brief review of s⁃triazine graphitic carbon nitride［J］. Carbon Letters， 2022， 32（3）： 703⁃712.
8	Wang X， Qian C， Pan W. P⁃doped g⁃C₃N₄/CoMoO₄ micro⁃nano structures for fire⁃safe polypropylene composites［J］. ACS Applied Nano Materials， 2023， 6（24）： 22 745⁃22 756.
9	Li Z， Cheng X， Liu Y， et al. Intumescent flame retardancy and smoke suppression of Eucommia ulmoides gum/natural rubber blends based on synergistic g⁃C₃N₄@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites［J］. RSC Advances， 2022， 12（34）： 21 704⁃21 712.
10	Li H， Chen L， Li Z， et al. Synergistic effect of SiO₂ doped g⁃C₃N₄ and ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy of PA6 composites［J］. Journal of Polymer Research， 2023， 30（10）：s10965.
11	Lau V W H， Lotsch B V. A Tour⁃guide through carbon nitride⁃land： structure⁃ and dimensionality⁃dependent properties for photo（electro）chemical energy conversion and storage［J］. Advanced Energy Materials， 2022， 12（4）： 1039.
12	Wang J L， Wang S Z. A critical review on graphitic carbon nitride （g⁃C₃N₄）⁃based materials： Preparation， modification and environmental application［J］. Coordination Chemistry Reviews， 2022， 453： 214338.
13	Cao X W， Chi X N， Deng X Q， et al. Facile synthesis of phosphorus and cobalt co⁃doped graphitic carbon nitride for fire and smoke suppressions of polylactide composite［J］. Polymers， 2020， 12（5）： 12051106.
14	Wu T， Yang F H， Tao J， et al. Design of P⁃decorated POSS towards flame⁃retardant， mechanically⁃strong， tough and transparent epoxy resins［J］. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science， 2023， 640： 864⁃876.
15	Ding Z， Wang S， Ge J， et al. Flame⁃retardant epoxy resin： synergistic effect between aluminum diethylphosphinate and piperazine pyrophosphate［J］. Iranian Polymer Journal， 2023， 33（2）： 119⁃129.
16	Chen Q， Wang S， Li S， et al. Highly efficient phosphorous⁃containing flame retardant for transparent epoxy resin with good mechanical properties［J］. Journal of Polymer Research， 2022， 30（1）： s10965.
17	Zhang W， Wu W， Meng W， et al. Core⁃shell graphitic carbon nitride/zinc phytate as a novel efficient flame retardant for fire safety and smoke suppression in epoxy resin［J］. Polymers， 2020， 12（1）： 12010212.
18	Hua F L， Wei H， Ren F P， et al. Preparation of a ternary hybrid of P⁃g⁃C₃N₄@PGS⁃Ti and its enhancement of the flame retardancy of epoxy resins［J］. Fire and Materials， 2022， 46（1）： 95⁃106.
19	Li J H， Wu W H， Meng W H， et al. Nickel ammonium phosphate nanowires modified g⁃C₃N₄ for improving the fire safety of epoxy resin［J］. Fibers and Polymers， 2021， 22（10）： 2 664⁃2 672.
20	Guo C X， Zhao Y S， Ji G C， et al. Organic aluminum hypophosphite/graphitic carbon nitride hybrids as halogen⁃free flame retardants for polyamide 6［J］. Polymers， 2020， 12（10）： 12102323.
21	Zheng T， Xia W N， Guo J， et al. Preparation of flame⁃retardant polyamide 6 by incorporating MgO combined with g⁃C₃N₄ ［J］. Polymers for Advanced Technologies， 2020， 31（9）： 1 963⁃1 971.
22	Feng J， Lu Y， Xie H， et al. Atom⁃economic synthesis of an oligomeric P/N⁃containing fire retardant towards fire⁃retarding and mechanically robust polylactide biocomposites［J］. Journal of Materials Science & Technology， 2023， 160： 86⁃95.
23	Bikiaris N D， Koumentakou I， Samiotaki C， et al. Recent advances in the investigation of poly（lactic acid）（PLA） nanocomposites： incorporation of various nanofillers and their properties and applications［J］. Polymers， 2023， 15（5）： 15051196.
24	Yao M， Liu L， Ma C， et al. A lysine⁃derived flame retardant for improved flame retardancy， crystallinity， and aqueous⁃phase degradation of polylactide［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2023， 462： 142189.
25	Xue Y， Zhang T， Tian L， et al. A molecularly engineered bioderived polyphosphonate containing Schiff base towards fire⁃retardant PLA with enhanced crystallinity and mechanical properties［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2023， 472： 1016.
26	Huang Y F， Dong X， Li Y F. Synthesis of novel unsaturated polyester/ g⁃C₃N₄⁃CeO₂ composites with enhanced fire safety properties［J］. Polymer Composites， 2020， 41（3）： 879⁃885.
27	Zheng T， Wang W， Liu Y. A novel phosphorus⁃nitrogen flame retardant for improving the flame retardancy of polyamide 6： Preparation， properties， and flame retardancy mechanism［J］. Polymers for Advanced Technologies， 2021， 32（6）： 2 508⁃2 516.
28	Cao X W， Chi X N， Deng X Q， et al. Synergistic effect of flame retardants and graphitic carbon nitride on flame retardancy of polylactide composites［J］. Polymers for Advanced Technologies， 2020， 31（7）： 1 661⁃1 670.
29	Lu S， Shi H， Shen B， et al. Polypyrrole⁃functionalized g⁃C₃N₄ for rheological， combustion and self⁃healing properties of thermoplastic polyurethane［J］. Journal of Polymer Research， 2022， 29（7）： s10965.
30	Dong H， Wang Y， Feng T， et al. Phytic acid doped polyaniline⁃coupled g⁃C₃N₄ nanosheets for synergizing with APP promoting fire safety and waterproof performance of epoxy composites［J］. Polymer Degradation and Stability， 2022， 198： 109879.
31	Ma Z， Zhang Z， Zhao F， et al. A multifunctional coating for cotton fabrics integrating superior performance of flame⁃retardant and self⁃cleaning［J］. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials， 2022， 5（4）： 2 817⁃2 833.
32	Huo S， Zhou Z， Jiang J， et al. Flame⁃retardant， transparent， mechanically⁃strong and tough epoxy resin enabled by high⁃efficiency multifunctional boron⁃based polyphosphonamide［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2022， 427： 131578.
33	Liu L， Zhu M， Shi Y， et al. Functionalizing MXene towards highly stretchable， ultratough， fatigue⁃ and fire⁃resistant polymer nanocomposites［J］. Chemical Engineering Journal， 2021， 424： 130338.

[1]	SHEN Wentao, HU Xinrui, ZHANG Shuo, XU Miaojun. Performance of synergistic intumescent flame⁃retardant EVA with MOF-74 [J]. China Plastics, 2024, 38(9): 20-23.
[2]	WEI Shenzhi, CHEN Juan, RAO Jie, ZHANG Yinghao, ZHOU Minjie, ZHANG Qi. Preparation of new phosphorus⁃nitrogen composite flame retardant and its application in TPU [J]. China Plastics, 2024, 38(9): 88-93.
[3]	ZHENG Tianyi, ZHANG Ben, GUO Min, WANG Ying. Research progress in electroactive polymer materials for bone tissue regeneration [J]. China Plastics, 2024, 38(8): 113-117.
[4]	WU Weihong, ZHANG Jing, ZHANG Ge, GENG Rongrong, QU Hongqiang. Preparation of piperazine pyrophosphate @COF flame retardant and its flame retardant effect on epoxy resin [J]. China Plastics, 2024, 38(8): 88-93.
[5]	KONG Dejin, LIAO Xu, LI Nanxi, LEI Jingyi, LIU Kuo, LI Hongfei, TANG Wufei. Study on barrier and flame⁃retardant performance of chitosan/poly（vinyl alcohol）/gelatin composite films [J]. China Plastics, 2024, 38(5): 28-32.
[6]	LIU Xue. New thesis and research on The First Forum on Technology Innovation and Application of Polymer Materials of the Journal of China Plastics [J]. China Plastics, 2024, 38(4): 124-128.
[7]	HAO Jinling, CHEN Yajun, QIAN Lijun. Research progress in application of aerogel in flame retardant field [J]. China Plastics, 2024, 38(3): 116-125.
[8]	ZHANG Jun, XI Wang, QIAN Lijun, ZHOU Fengshuai, QIU Yong, WANG Jingyu, ZHANG Zhipeng. Preparation and characterizations of flame⁃retardant and heat⁃conductive polycarbonate⁃based composites with boron nitride and phosphaphenanthrene [J]. China Plastics, 2024, 38(3): 31-37.
[9]	XU Jinjia, HUANG Teng, BAI Zhicheng, SHEN Jiahao, XIE Qingyi, ZHU Junhui, DAI Jinfeng, LIU Yuanqiang, ZHAN Xianxu. Flame retardancy and smoke suppression of rigid polyurethane foam coated with chitosan⁃sulfonated graphene through layer⁃by⁃layer self⁃assembly [J]. China Plastics, 2024, 38(3): 38-43.
[10]	JIA Meng, XU Zhun, WEI Simiao, ZHANG Qinglei, XU Bo. Research progress in flame⁃retardant foam materials for construction [J]. China Plastics, 2024, 38(2): 52-60.
[11]	LYU Zhengyang, QIU Jian, XING Haiping, JIANG Zhiwei, LIU Jie, TANG Tao, LI Sanxi. Preparation of high⁃strength flame⁃retardant poly（phenylene ether） composite foams using supercritical carbon dioxide [J]. China Plastics, 2024, 38(11): 21-26.
[12]	CHEN Yuquan, REN Bin, LI Xuemei, RAO Suhan, GUO Zhangyi, HUANG Ying, KANG Ming, LI Xiuyun. Preparation and properties of all⁃bio⁃based epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy and degradability [J]. China Plastics, 2024, 38(11): 33-40.
[13]	ZHANG Cihai, LIU Song, ZHOU Dongqing, CHEN Yu, ZHANG Tingting, ZHONG Liu, LIU Zhiguo. Research progress in synthesis and applications of reactive DOPO⁃containing flame retardants [J]. China Plastics, 2023, 37(9): 64-74.
[14]	. Research progress in halogen?free flame-retardant thermoplastic polyolefin materials [J]. , 2023, 37(6): 123-130.
[15]	HUANG Yating, LI Lianliang, ZHANG Yi, TANG Wei, QIAN Lijun. Research progress in waterborne intumescent flame⁃retardant coatings for steel structure [J]. China Plastics, 2023, 37(2): 77-89.