An overview in self⁃reinforced polymer⁃based composites prepared using solid⁃state molding technology

doi:10.19491/j.issn.1001-9278.2021.12.025

Abstract

Abstract:

To solve the problem of significant difference between the actual strength and theoretical strength of polymer， the solid?state molding technology was investigated， and the self?reinforcing process characteristics of solid?state extrusion， solid?state drawing and other technologies were described in detail， which could effectively improve the mechanical strength of polymer?based composites without any reinforcement elements. Moreover， the self?reinforcing mechanism of materials was further studied through analyzing the morphology and molecular configuration of samples during the solid?state deformation. Finally， the factors affecting the reinforcement of process were summarized to explore the upper performance limit of composites and broaden the high?performance applications of self?reinforced materials in different fields.

Key words: solid?state extrusion, self?reinforcement, molecular orientation, convergent die, mechanical property

CLC Number:

TQ320.6

WANG Suwei, ZHANG Wenxin, XUE Ping, ZHANG Guangpu, HU Yubing, JIANG Wei. An overview in self⁃reinforced polymer⁃based composites prepared using solid⁃state molding technology[J]. China Plastics, 2021, 35(12): 166-173.

Figures/Tables 11

材料	拉伸强度/MPa			弹性模量/GPa
	理论值	实际值		理论值	实际值
	理论值	纤维	常规材料	理论值	纤维	常规材料
聚乙烯	27 000	1 500	30	300	100	1.0
聚丙烯	16 000	1 300	38	50	20	1.6
聚酰胺66	27 000	1 700	50	160	5	2.0

Tab.1. Theoretical and practical strength of materials with different morphologies

Fig.1. Schematic of the unidirectional orientation of molecular chains［20］

Fig.2. Schematic of hydrostatic extrusion and solid?state ram extrusion

Fig.3. Schematic of continuous solid?state extrusion［19］

Fig.4. Micrographs of samples prepared with different draw ratio

Fig.5. Schematic of the die?drawing process and roll?drawing process

Fig.6. Formation of cavitation and the properties of sample prepared by die?drawing

Fig.7. Micrographs of PET sheets prepared with roll?drawing and die?drawing process

Fig.8. Structure diagram of conical die

Fig.9. Stress nephogram and surface quality of samples prepared with different die convergence angles

Fig.10. Fatigue fracture of parts during solid deformation and lubrication mechanism of spherical fillers

References 45

1	周翔，薛平，贾明印，等. 连续玻璃纤维增强层合片材制备及力学性能研究［J］. 塑料工业， 2014， 42（11）： 75⁃79.
	ZHOU X， XUE P， JIA M， et al. Study on preparation process and mechanical properties of continuous glass fiber reinforced laminated sheet ［J］. China Plastics Industry， 2014， 42（11）： 75⁃79.
2	龙洪生，薛平，丁筠，等. 废弃天然纤维增强高密度聚乙烯复合材料性能研究［J］. 中国塑料， 2014， 28（11）： 95⁃99.
	LONG H， XUE P， DING Y， et al. Mechanical properties of recycled nature fibers reinforced high⁃density polyethy⁃lene composites ［J］. China Plastics， 2014， 28（11）： 95⁃99.
3	刘洁，刘丽芳，俞建勇. 碳纤维复合材料废弃物的回收利用形势［J］. 产业用纺织品， 2011， 29（6）： 26⁃28.
	LIU J， LIU L， YU J. Situation of recycling carbon fiber composite［J］. Technical Textiles， 2011， 29（6）： 26⁃28.
4	张东致，万怡灶，罗红林，等. 碳纤维复合材料的回收与再利用现状［J］. 中国塑料， 2013， 27（2）： 1⁃6.
	ZHANG D， WAN Y， LUO H， et al. Current status of recycling and reuse of carbon fiber composites ［J］. China Plastics， 2013， 27（2）： 1⁃6.
5	瞿金平，秦雪梅. 高分子材料成型加工过程的自增强［J］. 广东化工， 2005， 32（11）： 24⁃29，80.
	QU J， QIN X. The polymer self⁃reinforcement during molding processing ［J］. Guangdong Chemical Industry， 2005， 32（11）： 24⁃29，80.
6	NEWSON W R， DIMAKIS A G. Method for the production of low density oriented polymer composite with durable surface： US 11771450 ［P］. 2007.
7	COURVAL G J， THOMAS D R M， ALLEN S G. Process for extruding polymer shapes with smooth， unbroken surface： US 5204045 ［P］. 1993.
8	COURVAL G J. Process for extruding large oriented polymer shapes： US 5169587 ［P］. 1992.
9	MOHANRAJ J， CHAPLEAU N， AJJI A， et al. Roll⁃drawing and die⁃drawing of toughened poly（ethylene terephthalate）. Part 2. Fracture behaviour［J］. Polymer， 2004， 46（6）： 1 967⁃1 981.
10	刘益，吴世见，申开智，等. 聚烯烃材料的自增强研究及其现状［J］. 中国塑料， 2001， 15 （6）： 20⁃26.
	LIU Y， WU S， SHEN K， et al. Self⁃Reinforing Polyolefin Materials and Their Present Research Situation ［J］. China Plastics， 2001， 15（6）： 20⁃26.
11	CHAPLEAU N， MOHANRAJ J， AJJI A， et al. Roll⁃drawing and die⁃drawing of toughened poly（ethylene terephthalate）. Part 1. Structure and mechanical characterization ［J］. Polymer， 2004， 46（6）： 1 956⁃1 966.
12	MOURAD A H I， BEKHEET N， EL⁃BUTCH A， et al. The effects of process parameters on the mechanical properties of die drawn polypropylene ［J］. Polymer Tes⁃ting， 2004， 24（2）： 169⁃180.
13	MOHANRAJ J， BONNER M J， BARTON D C， et al. Physical and mechanical characterization of oriented polyoxymethylene produced by die⁃drawing and hydrostatic extrusion［J］. Polymer， 2006， 47（16）： 5 897⁃5 908.
14	CAI J， JIA M， XUE P， et al. Physical and mechanical characterization of self⁃reinforced wood⁃polymer composite produced by solid⁃state extrusion ［J］. Thermoplastic Composite Materials， 2014， 27（10）： 1 321⁃1 333.
15	POŁEĆ I， HINE P J， BONNER M J， et al. Die drawn wood polymer composites. I. Mechanical properties ［J］. Composite Science Technology， 2009， 70（1）： 45⁃52.
16	CAI J， JIA M， XUE P， et al. The effect of processing conditions on the mechanical properties and morphology of self⁃reinforced wood⁃polymer composite ［J］. Polymer Composites， 2013， 34（10）： 1 567⁃1 574.
17	AHARONI S， SIBILIA J. Crystalline transitions and the solid⁃state extrusion of polymers ［J］. Journal of Applied Polymer Science， 1979， 23（1）： 133⁃140.
18	李鹏，黄锐. 固态挤出1.聚合物固态可挤性［J］. 中国塑料， 1999， 13（10）： 66⁃71.
	LI P， HUANG R. Solid state extrusion 1： Solid state extrudability ［J］. China Plastics， 1999， 13（10）： 66⁃71.
19	蔡建臣.聚丙烯/木粉复合材料自增强研究［D］.北京：北京化工大学， 2013.
20	WANG S， SHI Z， CAI J， et al. Effect of die structure on the properties of self⁃reinforced polypropylene/noil ramie fiber composites prepared by solid⁃state extrusion ［J］. Journal of Polymer Research， 2020， 27（11）： 334，
	doi.org/10.1007/s10965⁃020⁃02316⁃w.
21	黄锐. 塑料的固相成型（一）［J］. 工程塑料应用， 1981（1）： 53⁃60.
22	BUCKLEY A， LONG H A. The extrusion of polymers below their melting temperatures by the application of high pressures ［J］. Polymer Engineering and Science， 1969， 9（2）： 115⁃120.
23	李鹏，黄锐. 固态挤出2.固态挤出工艺［J］. 中国塑料， 1999， 13（11）： 54⁃59.
	LI P， HUANG R. Solid state extrusion for polymer ［J］. China Plastics， 1999， 13（11）： 54⁃59.
24	KURTZ S M， DAN M， RIMNAC C M， et al. Anisotropy and oxidative resistance of highly crosslinked UHMWPE after deformation processing by solid⁃state ram extrusion ［J］. Biomaterials， 2006， 27（1）： 24⁃34.
25	NAKAMURA K， IMADA K， TAKAYANAGI M. Analyses of solid state extrusion process of polymeric materials by pressure dependent yield criteria ［J］. International Journal of Polymeric Materials， 1974， 3（1）： 23⁃28.
26	SANOMURA Y， KAWAMURA M. Fiber orientation control of short⁃fiber reinforced thermoplastics by ram extrusion ［J］. Polymer Composites， 2004， 24（5）： 587⁃596.
27	毛旭琳. 超高分子量聚乙烯的固态挤出成型研究［D］. 北京：北京化工大学， 2008.
28	毛旭琳，薛平，李建立. 超高分子量聚乙烯的固态挤出研究［J］. 工程塑料应用， 2008， 36（3）： 28⁃31.
	MAO X， XUE P， LI J. Research on solid⁃state extrusion of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene ［J］. Enginee⁃ ring Plastics Application， 2008， 36（3）： 28⁃31.
29	姚祝平. 塑料挤出成型工艺与制品缺陷处理［M］. 化学工业出版社， 2005：22⁃26.
30	徐恒雷. 连续挤压应用过程中常见缺陷浅析与措施［J］. 有色金属加工， 2010， 39（4）： 31⁃36.
	XU H. Analysis and measures frequently asked questions in continuous extrusion process ［J］. Nonferrous Metals Processing， 2010， 39（4）： 31⁃36.
31	KIM Y S， GUO G， PARK C B， et al. Processing/structure/property relationships for artificial wood made from stretched PP/wood⁃fiber composites ［J］. Polymer Engineering & Science， 2009， 49（1）： 11⁃16.
32	POŁEĆI， HINE P J， BONNER M J， et al. Die drawn wood polymer composites. II. Micromechanical modelling of tensile modulus［J］. Composites Sciences & Technology， 2010， 70（1）： 53⁃60.
33	NICHOLS K L， MICHIE W J， KAPUR M. Cavitated oriented polyethylene polymer composites： US 8658732 ［P］. 2014.
34	程鹏. 无机物填充聚丙烯复合材料自增强机理及实验研究［D］. 北京：北京化工大学， 2020.
35	程鹏，郭周超，薛平，等. 滑石粉添加量对口模拉伸自增强聚丙烯性能的影响［J］. 塑料工业， 2020， 48（9）： 61⁃65.
	CHENG P， GUO Z， XUE P， et al. Effect of talc contents on the properties of self⁃reinforced samples prepared by die streching ［J］. China Plastics Industry， 2020， 48（9）： 61⁃65.
36	CHAPLEAU N， MOHANRAJ J， AJJI A， et al. Roll⁃drawing and die⁃drawing of toughened poly（ethylene terephthalate）. Part 1. Structure and mechanical characterization ［J］. Polymer， 2005， 46（6）： 1 956⁃1 966.
37	AJJI A， DUMOULIN M M. Very high modulus high⁃density polyethylene and high⁃modulus polypropylene obtained by solid⁃state roll drawing ［J］. Journal of Applied Polymer Science， 2010， 102（4）： 3 391⁃3 399.
38	欧阳初，郭建明，申开智. 茂金属聚乙烯的固态挤出行为及力学性能［J］. 高分子材料科学与工程， 2003， 19（6）： 168⁃171.
	OUYANG C， GUO J M， SHEN K M. The extrusion behavior and mechanical properties of metallocene polyethylene by solid state extrusion ［J］. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering， 2003， 19（6）： 168⁃171.
39	蔡建臣，蒋金云，薛平，等. 口模锥角对生物质复合材料自增强过程的影响［J］. 塑料， 2017， 46（1）： 90⁃92.
	CAI J C， JIANG J Y， XUE P， et al. The effect of die angle on the process of self⁃reinforcement for biomass composite ［J］. Plastics， 2017， 46（1）： 90⁃92.
40	MOURAD A H I， BEKHEET N， EL⁃BUTCH A， et al. The effects of process parameters on the mechanical properties of die drawn polypropylene ［J］. Polymer Testing， 2004， 24（2）： 169⁃180.
41	谭洪生，李正民，益小苏. 口模拉伸高取向聚乙烯材料的研究［J］. 合成树脂及塑料， 2007， 24（5）： 69⁃71，76.
	TAN H S， LI Z M， YI X S. Study on highly oriented PE material［J］. China Synthetic Resin And Plastics， 2007， 24（5）： 69⁃71，76.
42	BIRCHMEIER B， MCBRIDE R. Plastics⁃based manufactured article and process for forming： WO 2014190033［P］. 2014.
43	NICHOLS K L， BROWN J C， BIRCHMEIER B M， et al. Building product and method of manufacture and use： WO 2014143836 ［P］. 2014.
44	NICHOLS K L， KAARTO J， CROWN A， et al. Oriented polymer composition with inorganic filler and low xylene solubles： US 20090176898 ［P］. 2009.
45	NICHOLS K L， BIRCHMEIER B M. Solid state dra⁃wing a filled polymer composition to a stable extent of cavitation and density： US 8871130 ［P］. 2014.

[1]	YU Changyong, XIN Zhong. Effect of α/β complex nucleating agent based on hexahydrophthalate on properties of polypropylene [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(7): 121-128.
[2]	TAN Liqin, LIU Weiqu, LIANG Liyan, WANG Shuo, FENG Zhiqiang, LIN Jiaming. Preparation and performance of epoxy resin modified with mercaptan polysiloxane [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(7): 21-29.
[3]	XU Jie, ZHONG Jinfu, TONG Xiaoqian, LI Guangfu, FU Dongliang, LI Chengcheng. Preparation and performance of carboxyl⁃terminated tannic acid/gallic acid⁃based epoxy composite [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(7): 44-50.
[4]	LI Kaize, XIN Yong. Properties of thermoplastic polyurethane composites modified with carbon nanotubes [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(6): 1-5.
[5]	WANG Shuai, ZHANG Yudi, YANG Fukai, XU Xinyu. Preparation and properties of polyimide/multi⁃walled carbon nanotubes composite foams [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(6): 39-45.
[6]	WANG Jinye, TANG Bohu, YANG Lining, XIE Meng, GUO Zechao, YANG Guang. Study on multi⁃jet⁃fusion forming process of PA12 parts [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(6): 81-86.
[7]	SUN Wenbo, XIN Chunling, HE Yadong, ZHAI Yujiao, YAN Baorui. Influence of micro⁃foaming injection molding process on cell structure of glass⁃fiber⁃reinforced PBT products [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(5): 1-7.
[8]	WANG Ke, LONG Chunguang. Mechanical and tribological properties of ultra⁃high molecular weight polyethylene/sepiolite fiber composites [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(5): 19-23.
[9]	CHEN Sheng, LIANG Yingchao, WU Fangjuan, FANG Hui, FAN Xinfeng, CHEN Hui, WANG Yonggang. Preparation and interfacial modification of polyamide 6/bidirectional warp⁃knitted glass fiber composites [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(5): 24-28.
[10]	HE Hezhi, XU Li, YANG Yike. Effect of prestress on mechanical properties of PC/CF laminates [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(4): 1-5.
[11]	LI Suyuan, LIU Huipeng, GONG Shun, HUANG Guotao, LI Yucai, WU Xin, DENG Jianping, PAN Kai. Preparation and characterization of EVA foaming materials modified with thermoplastic polyamide elastomer [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(4): 6-14.
[12]	ZHANG Jiufu, LUO Kaiqiang, XU Jun, GUO Baohua. Study on comprehensive properties and influencing factors of long glass fiber reinforced PA66 composites [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(3): 1-8.
[13]	WANG Fuyu, GUO Jinqiang, ZHANG Yuxia. In⁃situ fibrillation methods of polymer blends and their application in PP⁃based blends [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(3): 146-156.
[14]	LI Zeyang, CEN Lan, CHEN Sheng, CHEN Weijie, DU Binghua, ZHANG Ershuai. Preparation and properties of XNBR/PA12 thermoplastic elastomer [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(3): 15-20.
[15]	LIU Lang, LUAN Daocheng, HU Zhihua, WEN Kelin, ZHOU Xinyu, MI Shuheng, WANG Zhengyun. Effects of basalt fiber and steel fiber contents on properties of resin⁃based friction materials [J]. China Plastics, 2022, 36(3): 33-39.