Materials and Properties
ZHANG Jiufu, LUO Kaiqiang, XU Jun, GUO Baohua
Abstract (
1773 )
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Long glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 （PA66/LGF） composites are widely used in automobile and other industries due to their excellent comprehensive performance. In this paper， the PA66/LGF composites were prepared by a custom?made melt impregnation equipment， and the mechanical properties， interfacial adhesion and other properties of PA66/LGF composites were characterized. The effects of a series of influence， such as the glass fiber content， lubricant content， compatibilizer content， and pellet length， on the comprehensive properties of composites were investigated. Finally， we summarized the optimal formula design and pellet length for the preparation of PA66/LGF composites. The tensile strength， the elongation at break， the flexural strength， the notched impact strength and the non?notched impact strength of the PA66/LGF composites with a glass fiber content of 43 % and a pellet length of 12 mm prepared in this study were 230 MPa， 7.1 %，369 MPa，62 kJ/m2，90 kJ/m2，respectively.
HU Huanbo, WU Wei, LI Ning, ZHAO Tianyu, ZOU Zhiqiang
Abstract (
1184 )
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To address the problems of low expansion rate in saline solution， poor saltwater absorption performance， and heat resistance of water absorbent elastomer （WSE）， a new type of polyacrylic acid acrylamide ［P（AA?co?AM）］ salt?resistant water absorption resin was prepared through reverse suspension polymerization using acrylic acid （AA） and acrylamide （AM） as monomers. A water?absorbent expansive elastomer based on the thermoplastic polyether ester elastomer （TPEE） and P（AA?co?AM） blend. The effects of monomer ratio of AA to AM and crosslinking agent （N，N’?methylene bisacrylamide， NMBA） content on the water absorption properties of P（AA?co?AM） were studied. Moreover， the water absorption properties and mechanical properties of WES prepared by self?made P（AA?co?AM） salt?resistant water absorption resin were investigated comparatively with a commercial water absorption resin， CPNaAA. The results indicated that P（AA?co?AM） exhibited optimal water absorption and water absorption performance at a mass ratio of AA to AM of 2.5∶1， a NMBA content of 0.05 wt%， a KPS content of 0.70 wt%， and a mass ratio of oil phase solution to water phase solution of 2.5∶1. The water absorption rate of P（AA?co?AM） to distilled water and brine was higher than that of the commercial water absorption resin. The increase of water absorption rate to brine was more significant. The TPEE/P（AA?co?AM） water?absorption expansive elastomer presented a fast water absorption rate at the initial stage， and its water absorption rate reached 80 wt% within 20 h. Then， the water absorption rate decreased gradually. The water?absorption expansive elastomer exhibited higher simultaneous water absorption rate， saturated water absorption rate， saturated water absorption time， the expansibility， extensibility， and flexibility after water absorption than those before water absorption. In summary， the TPEE/P（AA?co?AM） blend can act as a water?absorption expansive elastomer with excellent comprehensive performance.
LI Zeyang, CEN Lan, CHEN Sheng, CHEN Weijie, DU Binghua, ZHANG Ershuai
Abstract (
1076 )
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482
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The effects of carboxylation rate and mass ratio of rubber to plastic on the mechanical properties， rheological properties， oil resistance， and hot air aging properties of dynamically vulcanized carboxylated nitrile rubber （XNBR）/polyamide 12 （PA12） thermoplastic vulcanizate （TPV） were investigated. The results indicated that the TPV exhibited tensile strength of 20.3 MPa and elongation at break of 184 % when the carboxyl group content of XNBR had 7 wt% and the mass ratio of rubber to plastic was 50/50， presenting optimal comprehensive mechanical properties. Its mechanical properties increased at first and then tended to decrease with an increase in the mass ratio of rubber to plastic. Rheological results indicated that the complex viscosity and storage modulus of the TPV increased with an increase in the mass ratio of rubber to plastic. The oil resistance and air aging resistance of the TPV decreased with an increase in the mass ratio of rubber to plastic and reached optimal values at the mass ratio of 40 to 60. The TPV containing a higher carboxylation rate in XNBR exhibited better aging resistance.
SUI Zhenquan, MAO Jinchao, FAN Jinshi
Abstract (
1028 )
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882
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12 )
To deal with the environmental and ecological problems caused by plastic mulch films， a type of degradable liquid mulch films was successfully prepared through solution blending using chitosan and poly（vinyl alcohol） as raw materials. The effect of the solution mass ratio of chitosan to polyvinyl alcohol on the mechanical properties， water vapor transmission rate， and water solubility of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol dry films was investigated. The water content of soil， seed germination rate， and the growth of tomato in greenhouse were evaluated after spraying chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol liquid mulch films. The results indicated that the chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol dry films exhibited optimal comprehensive performance at a mass ratio of chitosan solution （1.0 wt%） to polyvinyl alcohol solution （4.0 wt%） of 8∶2. The liquid chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol mulch films could reduce the water evaporation in the soil， and they presented a water loss rate of 4.02 wt% after applying the liquid mulch film for 14 days， which was lower than the control sample. Compared to the control sample， the Lettuce， sweet crispy Chinese cabbage 8201， and Zhongshu No. 4 tomato exhibited an increase in germination rate by 4 %， 7 %， and 4 %， respectively， after spraying the liquid mulch films for 12 days. The node number of tomato seedlings was 0.23 greater than that of the control after spraying the liquid mulch films for 21 days， and their average plant height was 2.47 cm higher than that of the control.
GUO Yiming, DONG Xiaochen, LIANG Shitong, WANG Sen, LIU Jichun
Abstract (
755 )
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447
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12 )
Graphites with different types and particle sizes were incorporated into high?impact polystyrene （PS?HI） matrix through melt compounding. The effects and flame?retarding mechanism of graphite type and particle size on the flame retardancy of PS?HI were investigated. The results indicated that the flame?retarding effect of natural graphite （NG） on PS?HI was not significant， and the particle size of NG presented a small impact on its flame?retardant performance. The PS?HI/NG composite still showed poor flame?retardant performance even if the loading of NG reaches 50 wt%. In contrast to NG， expandable graphite （EG） exhibited much higher flame retardant efficiency， resulting in a significant improvement in the flame?retardant performance of PS?HI. The larger the EG particle size is， the higher is the flame retardant efficiency and the more noticeable is the smoke?suppressing effect of EG. The introduction of suitable amount of microencapsulated red phosphorus （MRP） into the PS?HI/EG system could improve the flame retardant efficiency of EG and therefore reduced the loading of flame retardant considerably. When the EG particle size is 270 μm， the PS?HI system achieved excellent flame?retardant performance with the addition of 20 wt% flame retardant at a PS?HI/EG/MRP mass ratio of 80/15/5. The PS?HI/EG/MRP composites generated a continuous and compact intumescent char layer.
LIU Lang, LUAN Daocheng, HU Zhihua, WEN Kelin, ZHOU Xinyu, MI Shuheng, WANG Zhengyun
Abstract (
793 )
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20 )
Friction materials were prepared using phenolic resin， nitrile rubber， barite， basalt fiber， and steel fiber as raw materials， and the effects of basalt fiber and steel fiber contents on their mechanical， friction， and wear properties were investigated. The results indicated that when the basalt fiber content varied from 10 to 25 wt%， the impact strength of the friction materials increased but their compression strength decreased with a decrease in the content of basalt fiber. An optimal coupling effect between the two reinforced fibers was obtained at a total fiber mass frication of 30 wt% and a mass ratio of basalt fiber to steel fiber of 1∶1. The friction coefficient of the friction materials was between 0.361 and 0.377， and their wear loss was 0.132 cm3/MJ. The wear test results indicated that the adhesive wear and fatigue wear were the major wear of the resin?based friction materials reinforced with basalt fiber and steel fiber.
CHENG Manfang, BAI Jifeng, WANG Wenqing, LEI Liangcai, LI Haiying, HAN Xiangyan, HU Yuexin
Abstract (
786 )
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524
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Hyperbranched multi?arm?grafted copolymer h?PCMS?g?PMMA， functional block copolymer PMMA?b?PGMA， and ionic liquid block copolymer PMMA?b?PIL?［MIm?TFSI］ were prepared via living/controlled radical polymeri?zation using p?chloromethylstyryl vinyl benzyl chloride， methyl methacrylate， methacrylic acid glycidyl ester （GMA）， 1?methylimidazole， and lithium bis（trifluoromethylsulfonyl）imide as raw materials. The chemical structures of the resulting products were characterized by 1H?NMR， FTIR and GPC. Then， the obtained products were mixed through solution blending to prepare a series of hyperbranched polymer ionic liquid blending systems. Their ionic conductivity was investigated using an AC impedance technology. The results indicated that the introduction of ionic liquid segment PIL?［MIm?TFSI］， hyperbranched structure， and PGMA segment effectively enhanced the ionic conductivity of the blend system.
LU Chunyan, WANG Gang, LIU Shuai, ZHU Tianrong, LIU Yun, WANG Haiping, HU Siqian
Abstract (
739 )
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671
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10 )
A series of polyimide （PI） films were synthesized through high?temperature melt polycondensation with different mole ratio of diamine monomer 1，3?bis（4?aminophenoxy）benzene， 2，6?diaminotoluene （2，6?DAT） and dianhydride monomer 4，4'?oxydiphthalic anhydride. The resulting PI products were characterized with infrared spectroscopy， UV?vis spectroscopy， DSC， TGA， and solubility test. The results show that the obtained PI molding powders and films were imidized completely， and the resulant PI films exhibited maximum transmittance of more than 80 %， a maximum glass transition temperature of approximately 290 ℃， and a residual carbon yield of more than 55 wt% at 800 ℃. Almost all molding powders were dissolved completely in normal organic solvents like N，N?dimethylacetamide， N?methylpyrroli?done， N，N?dimethylformamide， and dichloromethane.
LI Rui, JIANG Yanfeng, WU Shuang, AN Yanjie, JIANG Zeyu, ZHANG Mingqiang
Abstract (
679 )
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618
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Two types of cast polypropylene special materials， CPP1 and CPP2， were separated using a rising elution fractionation technology， and their chain structure and melting and crystallization behavior were characterized using infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimeter. High?temperature gel permeation chromatography was performed to determine the comonomer content， sequence distribution， and the molecular weight and its distribution of the separated products. The results indicated that for the low?temperature elution components （<100 ℃）， the CPP1 and CPP2 exhibited low?temperature fractions of 9.29 wt%and 26.29 wt%， respectively. As for the high?temperature elution components （≥120 ℃）， the CPP1 presented a high?temperature fraction of 3.16 wt%， whereas the Sample CPP2 only showed a very small high?temperature fraction 0.18 wt%. In the CPP1， the fractions at 120 and 140 ℃ contain high ethylene content comprising of ethylene?propylene block copolymers. In the high?temperature fractions， the materials usually have higher isotacticity and crystallinity， which facilitates the enhancement in the rigidity of the resin. The CPP2 almost have higher molecular weights than the CPP1 in various fractions， and it showed a wider molecular weight distribution. The CPP1 contains two melting points at 127.2 and 148.4 ℃. The melting point at 127.2 ℃ was derived from the shorter PP sequence and the PE block in the ethylene?propylene block copolymer， whereas the melting point at 148.4 ℃ results from the higher isotactic PP sequence. The CPP2 exhibited a main melting peak at 150.7 ℃ along with a shoulder peak at 139.1 ℃ in its melting curve. The two higher melting temperatures were both caused by the melting of PP sequences with different lengths.
XIE Yu, WANG Limei, QI Bin
Abstract (
552 )
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Crosslinked chitosan （CS）/montmorillonite （MMT） composite films were prepared through a solution intercalation method using CS as a matrix， MMT as a filler， and glutaraldehyde （GA） as a crosslinking agent. Their structure and properties were characterized using infrared spectroscopy， scanning electron microscopy， X?ray diffraction， and thermogravimetric analysis. The effect of MMT content on the water uptake， water vapor barrier and mechanical properties of the composite films were investigated. The results indicated that the composite films exhibited an improvement in water resistance， and their water uptake ratio decreased by 9.6 % compared to that of pure CS film. The introduction of MMT improved the water resistance， water vapor barrier property， mechanical performance， and thermal stability of the composite films. The composite films exhibited better comprehensive properties at a MMT content of 5 wt% in the CS domain. Compared to pure CS film， the composite films presented a decrease in water uptake ratio， water vapor transmission rate， and elongation at break by 37.3 %， 36.7 %， and 41.9 %， respectively. Their tensile strength increased by 160.5 %. The composite films exhibit potential applications as a food packaging material.
CAO Zhifeng, ZHAO Lipin, HE Ting, MA Baijun
Abstract (
763 )
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924
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Five?layer co?extrusion barrier films were prepared with an ethylene?vinyl alcohol copolymer as a barrier layer using a multi?layer co?extrusion blow film machine. The preparation process of the barrier films was determined on the basis of resin thermal properties and melt flow rate， and their properties were investigated. The results indicated that the barrier films exhibited good mechanical and heat?sealing properties. Their oxygen barrier properties increased with an increase of thickness and then maintained a stable value. However， the oxygen barrier properties decreased with an increase in test ambient temperature and relative humidity.
Processing and Application
ZHAI Yujiao, XIN Chunling, HE Yadong, YAN Baorui, QIAO Linjun
Abstract (
774 )
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Employing polypropylene as a raw material and supercritical nitrogen gas as a foaming agent， a flat spiral linear runner mold was designed， and the mold filling length and weight loss ratio of the molded part and the relationship between the cell structures were investigated. An orthogonal experiment was designed to study the effects of gas injection pressure difference， gas injection time， injection pressure， and injection speed on the mold filling length. The results indicated that in a certain range， a higher melt back pressure resulted in a longer filling length for the injection?molded part. The weight loss ratio of the part increased slowly at first and then rose drastically with an increase in filling length. Meanwhile， the number of bubbles was less near the gate， and these bubbles presented a flat ellipsoidal structure. In the middle position， the number of bubbles increased along with a uniform distribution. Their overall appearance presented a relatively regular spherical structure. At the location far from the gate， the cells are very dense. However， the cell merge and rupture phenomenon are serious， and the overall size distribution is ununiform. Based on the orthogonal experiment， the filling length of the part was found to increase with an increase in gas injection pressure difference， injection time， injection pressure， and injection speed.
ZHANG Ting, JIN Qingping, SONG Shie, CAO Nannan, DENG Siyuan
Abstract (
698 )
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610
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The durability of FRP in different corrosive environment has been widely concerned and studied. In this paper， the tensile properties of FRP bars such as aqueous solution immersion， salt solution erosion， acid solution， alkali solution， and freeze?thaw were analyzed comprehensively under different action media and modes， and their evolution law of tensile strength was summarized. Based on the degradation mechanism of tensile strength of FRP bars and the Arrhenius equation， the parameter characteristics of the prediction model and equation for the tensile strength life of FRP bars under different action modes were discussed.
JIA Yao, ZHANG Ze, YU Zhengfa, CUI Yongyan
Abstract (
764 )
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9 )
Dimercapto?terephenylborate was synthesized using α?thioglycerol and 1，4?benzenediboronic acid as monomers， and it was cross?linked with poly（vinyl chloride） （PVC） through melt blending. The resultant PVC with a dynamic reversible cross?linking structure was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to confirm the structure of dimercapto?terephenylborate. Meanwhile， dimercapto?terephenylborate was thermally analyzed to verify its feasibility as a cross?linking agent for PVC. The chemical structure， stress relaxation， creep properties， mechanical properties， and secondary processing performance of cross?linked PVC were further investigated. The results indicated that the dimercapto?terephenylborate?crosslinked PVC achieved an improvement in comprehensive properties， and it could be processed secondarily under the condition of higher gel degree with 90 % of the original mechanical properties retained after processing.
HAO Chunbo, LIU Wansheng, ZHAO Xinlin, WANG Yan, WANG Yue
Abstract (
866 )
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Based on the proportion and process parameters of three brands of original ABS resin glue solution， the type， structure， quantity of active functional groups， viscosity， and molecular weight and distribution of rubbers were investigated comparatively. A type of domestic rubber suitable for the bulk polymerization of ABS was selected to replace the patent?designated rubber products used in the formula， and the experiment was carried out on a small?scale device equipped with four kettles in series and a horizontal plug flow for the bulk polymerization of ABS. By comparing the structure and properties of the designated rubber products and substitute rubber， the feasibility of selected substitute rubber was and evaluated. The performance of the corresponding ABS resin samples was also analyzed. The results indicated that there was little difference in performance between the domestic BR?A rubber and the designated 720AX rubber， and therefore the designated 720AX rubber could be replaced the domestic one. The content of 1，2?vinyl in the domestic rubber BR?B was lower and its molecular weight was larger compared to the designated one. It is necessary to optimize the performance of domestic rubber BR?B before replacing the designated rubber 565T.
LIU Ganhua, TANG Naifu, MA Ruiwu
Abstract (
864 )
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541
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Owing to a complex structure， the equal?distance spiral bevel gear often shows an uneven distribution in volume shrinkage and powder concentration during the powder injection molding stage. This causes the gear to produce warpage deformation and surface black lines. To solve this problem， the MIM process forming equal?distance spiral bevel gear was simulated using the Moldex3D software. Through combining with an orthogonal experimental design， the volume shrinkage rate and powder concentration corresponding to each process parameter combination were obtained. The influence of each process parameter on the response target was obtained from the analysis of the mean value and range. The BP neural network combined with the non?dominant sequencing genetic algorithm （NSGA?II） was used to perform the multi?objective optimization of the MIM process parameters. The results indicated that the optimal process parameters after optimization greatly improved the uniformity of volume shrinkage distribution and powder concentration distribution， thus improving the quality of the MIM equal?distance spiral bevel gear.
Additive
ZHANG Shucheng, TANG Wenbin, YU Tianjiao, XU Zhenzhen, XING Jian
Abstract (
953 )
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10 )
Polyurethane foams were prepared through a one?step method at four different ratios of isophorone diisocyanate to polyether polyol. The morphology， apparent density， moisture absorption rate， sound absorption， and sound insulation properties of the resulting polyurethane foams were investigated using infrared spectrum， DSC， TG， and noise?measuring instrument. The results indicated that there was no difference in the foam composition caused by the addition amount of polyether polyols. The coexistence of closed cell， semi closed cell and open hole was found from the polyurethane foams. The polyurethane foam obtained from the formula C exhibited an apparent density of 407.6 kg/m3， a moisture absorption of 167.1 %， a sound absorption coefficient of 0.6， and a transmission loss of 25 dB. There data were maximum among all the formulations. Moreover， the glass transition temperature increased， and the thermal stability resulting from the formula C were also optimal. As a result， the formula C led to good sound absorption performance and poor sound insulation performance for the polyurethane foams.
Plastic and Environment
LI Jinglin, ZHENG Yi, ZHAO Liya, WANG Pan, YANG Xinyu, REN Lianhai
Abstract (
687 )
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851
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The development of PHA industrialization was promoted through using the kitchen waste as feedstock to produce VFAs. This not only increase a new pathway for kitchen waste resource utilization， but also significantly reducing the cost of PHA products. This paper introduced the application fields and product types of PHA and summarized the technological process of PHA production using the kitchen waste. The mechanisms for the kitchen waste anaerobic acidification and PHA production were also analyzed. Furthermore， the effects of technological factors on the acidification phase of kitchen waste and the PHA enrichment and accumulation phase were discussed systematically. Finally， some outlooks on the development of PHA production from the kitchen waste were provided.
LIU Qiang, LU Yahong, WU Hui, MA Yuhao, ZHANG Yupeng, SUN Wenxiao, ZHANG Hong
Abstract (
1202 )
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1104
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This paper reviewed the recent research progress in the microbial degradation of polyethylene （PE）， which mainly included the microorganisms involved in biodegradation and the characterization methods used in the experiment. Many studies indicated that it was impossible to compare the degradation efficiency of various types of degrading bacteria due to the different types of PE used and the misuse of characterization methods. Finally， the paper proposed the methodologies for the improvement and supplement of the experimental process of PE biodegradation， which provided a reference for the further study of polyethylene biodegradation， especially for the definition of high efficiency of degrading bacteria.
Standard and Test
ZENG Congqin, PAN Wei, ZOU Yaobang
Abstract (
639 )
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1086
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Based on the yellowing phenomenon caused by the NOx gas emission of gasoline?loading cars in the storage process of plastic packaging products for liquor， the different types of liquor packaging products in high concentration of NOx environment yellow change， corrosion resistance and thermal stability were investigated through the construction of artificial environment. This can ensure the normal use of high?class liquor packaging materials without any failures during storage and also avoid loopholes in anti?counterfeiting. The results indicated that the vacuum coated parts of gilded cellulose acetate （CA） and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer lost their metal color under the atmosphere of ultra?high concentration of NOx （2 480 mg/L）. This resulted in a failure to distinguish the key anti?counterfeiting marks on the package and affected the anti?counterfeiting effect of the package. The design service life of CA parts and polyamide （PA） woven bags was shortened after the NOx test. The surface coating of metallized packaging products， bronzing film and other products was thickened appropriately， and the stabilizer was increased appropriately. This prolonged the stabilization period of the products to a certain extent. After eroded by NOx， the CA and PA woven bags were dissolved or degraded by NOx， the blue parts and the bronzing parts faded， the polypropylene parts became brittle， and the polymethylmethacrylate parts cracked.
Machinery and Mould
LIU Xuejun
Abstract (
778 )
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517
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The relationship between the heat transfer coefficient at the inner surface of uniaxial?rotating cylindrical rotational mold and its mold speed in the heating phase was studied. A simplified heat transfer model was first established for the heating phase of the rotational molding process， and then differential equations for the heat transfer model were resolved using a MATLAB software. The heating time obtained from experiments could be converted to a heat transfer coefficient at the mold inner surface. In the case of the mold being stationary and rotating at higher speeds， the condition of powder inside the mold was determined and constant. The two cases were simulated via the FLUENT software to obtain the heating time， which also could be converted to the heat transfer coefficient at the mold inner surface. The analytical results indicated that when the volume percentage of powders inside mold was 10 %， the heat transfer coefficient at inner surface increased dramatically with mold speed at first and then changed slightly at a mold speed higher than 2 r/min. When the volume percentage of powders inside the mold was 30 %， as mold speed increased， the heat transfer coefficient at the inner surface increased remarkably at first with an increase in mold speed. Then， it increased slowly at a mold speed higher than 5 r/min and reached a maximum value at 20 r/min， followed by a slow decrease at a mold speed higher than 25 r/min.
Review
QU Yansong
Abstract (
791 )
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622
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The paper overviewed the development of China’s synthetic resin industry in 2020 and analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by China's synthetic resin industry during the 14th Five?Year Plan Period. It also looks forward to the 14th five?year period. At present， the production of synthetic resins in China exhibits a diverse situation， and their future consumption will develop to the direction of functionalization， personalization， and customization. With the development of China’s economy， the China’s domestic synthetic resin industry will convert from largeness to strength.
WANG Fuyu, GUO Jinqiang, ZHANG Yuxia
Abstract (
1268 )
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1080
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19 )
This paper reviewed the research progress in in?situ fibrillation polymer blends in recent years and introduced the principle， influencing factors， and preparation methods of in?situ fibrillation for PP?based blends， including PP/PA6 and PP/PET in?situ fibrillation blends. The effects of blending ratios， viscosity ratios， and processing parameters such as drawing rate， screw rotation speed， and processing temperature on the morphology of PA or PET microfibers in PP were discussed. The mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of PP were also analyzed.
ZUO Zhigang, ZHOU Shuai, TIAN Tongjin, WANG Qiang, LI Rui, WEI Hao, WANG Guojun
Abstract (
1032 )
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2051
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28 )
Light diffusion materials are widely used in lighting， biological materials， clinical medicine， cosmetics， agriculture， and so on. This paper introduced the types and performance parameters of light diffusion materials and reviewed their research progress in recent years from the aspects of the principle of light diffusion and the improvement of diffusion properties through structural design. Finally， the existing problems in the light diffusion materials were summarized， and the possible development directions in the future were prospected.
LI Yushan, LI Jie
Abstract (
2695 )
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8098
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258 )
This paper introduced the principle of superhydrophobic surface wetting and reviewed the development and preparation process of PDMS?based durable superhydrophobic surface and its application research progress in different fields. Finally， the research situation of superhydrophobic surface was summarized and its development in future was prospected.
